ࡱ> BDA3 Djbjb^^ "0h<h<, lxxxx444xxxxx Dx @BBBBBB,m n4  n= xx= = = 4x4@= H`xxxx @= = 64T xx T(,-= -T= Daltons Atomic Theory vs. Modern Atomic Theory Daltons Atomic TheoryModern Atomic TheoryAtoms cant be broken into smaller pieces. In any element, all the atoms are exactly alike. Atoms of different elements are different. Atoms of two or more elements can combine to form compounds. Atoms of each element have a unique mass. The masses of the elements in a compound are always in a constant ratio.Atoms can be broken down into electrons, protons, and neutrons. Protons and neutrons can be further broken down into quarks. In any element, all the atoms have the same number of protons. Atoms with a different number of neutrons are called isotopes. Atoms of different elements are different. Atoms of two or more elements can combine to form compounds. The atomic mass of an element reflects the average of all its isotopic forms, but is unique to the element. Atoms of elements in a compound combine in a constant ratio.  Atomic ParticleChargeMassLocationElectronNegative9.10938188 x 10-31 kgorbitals in clouds around the nucleusProtonPositive1.67262158 x 10-27 kgnucleusNeutronNeutral1.67492716 x 10-27 kgnucleus      THE FOLLOWING IS NOT ON THE QUIZ! For those who just have to know about the quarks, use this website at Stanford University: http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/quarks.html. For those who are adventuresome and must know the very latest visit the Elegant Universe at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/elegant. You will find a section on elementary particles and a discussion of string theory. You are not expected to understand this, but its here for students who just need to know that there is more. Three Simple Rules for Counting the Subatomic Particles The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element is equal to the elements atomic number. The number of neutrons in then nucleus of an atom of an element is equal to the difference between the atomic mass and the atomic number of the element. The number of electrons in the orbitals around the nucleus of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of the element. Example Beryllium, atomic number 4, atomic mass 9.012 Number of protons 4 Number of neutrons 5 Number of electrons 4 Round down the atomic mass to the nearest whole number before subtracting because the atomic mass includes not only the usual atoms of an element but also the more uncommon isotopes. Try Potassium, atomic number 19, atomic mass 39.098 Number of protons Number of neutrons Number of electrons Arranging the electrons Although modern experimental techniques have shown the electrons to be in a cloud like formation around the nucleus of an atom, they have measurable energy levels. The solar system model of the atom is still used to map the location of electrons in orbitals around the nucleus. first orbital full with 2 electrons second orbital full with 8 electrons third orbital full with 8 electrons (up to element 20) Then the rules become complicated as you can see by looking carefully at Xenon, atomic number 54.  Electrons Protons Helium Atom Electron Proton Hydrogen Atom Electron Proton Neutron Hydrogen Atom Isotope Count the number of electrons in each orbital. 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