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Mrs. Farnum
e-mail - rfarnum@wyckoffschools.org
Latin
Mrs. Farnum
e-mail - rfarnum@wyckoffschools.orgHomework Page
1. Noun A word used to express the name of a person, a place, or a thing
a. Common (e.g. chair, clock, table)
b. Proper (e.g. Mary, John, Eisenhower Middle School)
c. Abstract (e.g. beauty, liberty, charity, trust)
d. Collective (e.g. herd, crowd, people, senate, group)
In Latin, nouns have gender (masculine, femine, neuter), number (singular, plural), and case:
Nominative the case of the subject
Genitive the case of possession (of the _____, 's, or just ')
Dative the case of the indirect object (to/for)
Accusative the case of the direct object
Ablative the case following certain prepositions
Common prepositions are: cum (with), sub (under), in, de (from), ex (from), sine (without)
The "vocative" is the case of "address"
e.g. Mary, where are you going?The inflection of a noun is called declension.
2. Pronoun A word used in place of a noun
a. Personal I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, you, him, her, them, us
b. Possessive its, theirs, mine, yours, his, hers, its, our
c. Demonstrative this, that, these, those
d. Relative who, which, that, whom
e. Interrogative - which? what? whom? to whom? whose?
f. Reflexive - myself, yourself, himself, etc.3. Adjective A word used to modify a noun
a. Descriptive (Qualitative) - tall, short, rich, white, black, red
b. Possessive - my, your, his, etc.
c. Demonstrative - this, these, that, those
d. Quantitive - much, many, two, five, third, fourth, etc.
Descriptive adjectives have degrees
a. Positive - tall, beautiful
b. Comparative - taller, more beautiful
c. Superlative - the tallest, the most beautiful
4. Verb A word used to express action or state of being
a. Transitive - A verb that takes a direct object
(e.g. - Kevin loves music.)
b. Intransitive - A verb that does not take a direct object
(e.g. - We swam to shore.)
(e.g. - He died.)
c. Modal - A verb that does not take "s" in the third-person singular, present indicative. If a modal verb is followed by an infinitive, the infinitive will lose the "to."
(e.g. - She can swim)
This would be incorrect - She cans to swim
d. Linking - A verb that links the subject with an noun or an adjective
(e.g. - We are friends.)
(e.g. - The boy is happy.)
e. Auxilary (Helping) - A verb that helps the formation of another verb.
(e.g. - Mary was crying.)
(e.g. - They have left.)
f. Reflexive - A verb whose subject performs an action that is directed at itself.
(e.g. - I look at myself)
g. Deponent - Deponent verbs have only passive forms
e.g. precor - I beg, I request; ingredior - I enter, I proceed
h. Impersonal - A verb having only a 3rd person singular, the infinitive, and sometimes the participle. They lack a personal subject.
e.g. licet, licere, licuit - it is permitted
e.g. paenitet, paenitere, paenituitThe inflection of a verb is called conjugation.
Qualities of a verb:
1) Person
1st singular - I
2nd singular - you
3rd singular - he, she, it
1st plural - we
2nd plural - you
3rd plural - they2) Number - singular or plural
3) Tense - present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, future, future perfect
4) Voice -
1. active - e.g. Edgar Allen Poe wrote The Raven.
2. passive - e.g. The Raven was written by Edgar Allen Poe.5) Mood
1. indicative - the mood of fact or reality
2. subjunctive - the mood of wish, doubt, fear, desire, uncertainty, or potentiality
3. imperative - the mood used to express a command: positive or negative
e.g. Come here!; Don't go!Pricipal Parts of a Verb
1st person singular of the present indicaive - infinitive - perfect indicative - past participle (supine)
1st conjugation = amo - amare - amavi - amatum (love)
2nd conjugation = respondeo - respondere - respondi - responsum (respond)
3rd conjugation = lego - legere - legi - lectum (read)
4th conjugation = audio - audire - audi - auditum (hear)
5. Adverb A word used to describe a verb, adverb, or an adjective
6. Conjunction A word used to connect sentences, clauses, phrases, or words
e.g. and, but, so, if, since
7. Interjection A word or a sound which expresses an emotion
e.g. Wow! Hey! Yes! Oh, Ouch!
8. Preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun which is used to indicate position, direction, time, or some other abstract relation.
e.g. in, out, over, under, before
Rules for Translating from Latin into English 1) Look for the verb - the verb is usually at the end of the sentence
2) Look at the ending of the verb
3) Look for the subject - usually at the beginning of the sentence
4) If the verb contains a "b" (-bam, -bas, -bat) or if it contains a "v," an "x," a "ps," or simply an "i," it is the perfect indicative. e.g. - ambulabat - he, she, it was walking/ walked
e.g. - dixi - I have said/told, I said/told1st Conjugation Verbs
(Indicative Mood, Present Tense)dare - to give
ego do - I give, I am giving, I do give
tu das - you (singular) give/ are giving/ you do give
is, ea, id dat - he, she, it gives/ is giving/ does give
nos damus - we give/ are giving/ do give
vos datis - you (plural) give/ are giving/ do give
ei, eae, ea dant - they give/ are giving/ do give
2nd Conjugation Verbs
(Indicative Mood, Present Tense)docere - to teach
ego doceo - I teach, I am teaching, I do teach
tu doces - you (singular) teach/ are teaching/ do teach
is, ea, id docet - he, she, it teaches/ is teaching/ does teach
nos docemus - we teach/ are teaching/ do teach
vos docetis - you (plural) teach/ are teaching/ do teach
ei, eae, ea docent - they teach/ are teaching/ do teach
3rd Conjugation Verbs
(Indicative Mood, Present Tense)legere - to read
ego lego - I read, I am reading, I do read
tu legis - you (singular) read/ are reading/ do read
is, ea, id legit - he, she, it reads/ is reading/ does read
nos legimus - we read/ are reading/ do read
vos legitis - you (plural) read/ are reading/ do read
ei, eae, ea legunt - they read/ are reading/ do read
4th Conjugation Verbs
(Indicative Mood, Present Tense)dormire - to sleep
ego dormio - I sleep, I am sleeping, I do sleep
tu dormis - you (singular) sleep/ are sleeping/ do sleep
is, ea, id dormit - he, she, it sleeps/ is sleeping/ does sleep
nos dormimus - we sleep/ are sleeping/ do sleep
vos dormitis - you (plural) sleep/ are sleeping/ do sleep
ei, eae, ea dormiunt - they sleep/ are sleeping/ do sleep
Declensions
More on Grammar... PHONOLOGY is the study of the sounds of a language.
SYNTAX is the portion of grammar which deals with the relationship of words to each other in the sentence.
MORPHOLOGY is the study of the basic formations of words.
PARADIGM is a model or pattern which contains all inflectional variations of a given word. E.g. man, man's, men, men's ; he, his, him
SUPINE is a verbal noun . It is one of the four principal parts of a Latin verb.
E.g. voco (1st person present indicative), vocare (the present infinitive) , vocavi (1st person singular perfect indicative) , vocatum (the supine). It is declined like a fourth declension noun . It has only two cases :the accusative form (optatum) and the ablative form (optatu), vocatum (accusative) vocatu (ablative). The accusative expresses purpose (with verb of motion) and the ablative, called the ablative of specification . E.g. Veni pugnatum (I have come to fight) ; Hoc est visu turpe (This is ugly to see)
GERUND is the future passive participle . It is a verbal noun It resembles a neuter singular noun.
E.g. Hoc dixi tibi persuadendi causa (I said this for the sake of persuading you)
Quid efficiemus loquendo (What will we accomplish by talking?). It does not have a nominative case. The infinitive supplies the nominative case of the gerund . It has no plural.
Nominative pugnare (fighting): Genitive pugnandi ; dative pugnando; accusative pugnandum ; ablative pugnando
GERUNDIVE is a verbal adjective, and it is called sometimes the Future Perfect Participle. Vocandus, Vocanda, Vocandum (to be called) ; Monendus (Monenda, Monendum (to be warned) ; Regendus (Regenda, Regendum) (to be ruled); Audiendus (Audienda, Audientum) (to be heard).
The genitive is with causa or gratia (for the sake of)
E.g. Domi mansi librorum legendorum causa (I stayed home for the sake of reading books)
The dative is usually with indirect object or the dative with adjectives.
E.g. Multum tempus libris legendis dedit (He gave much time to reading books)
Hic locus libris legendis idoneus est (this place is suitable for reading books).
The accusative is used to indicate purpose.
E.g. Huc veni ad libros legendos (I came here for the purpose of reading books)
(I came here to read books).
The ablative or the ablative of means (the most common)
E.g. Libris legendis multum didicit. (He learned much by reading books).
PARTICIPLE is a verbal adjective. E.g. The screaming woman caught our attention.
There are three participles in Latin .
1. Present Active participle (vocans-vocantis (calling); monens - monentis (warning) ; regens - regentis(ruling) ; audiens - audientis (hearing).
2. Perfect Passive Participle is the fourth principal part of the verb and it is declined as a first and second declension adjective (like bonus, bona. bonum).
vocatus (vocata, vocatum) = having been called
monitus (monita, monitum = having been warned
rectus (recta, rectum) = having been ruled
auditus (audita, auditum ) = having been heard
3. Future active participle . vocaturus (vocatura, vocaturum = about to call
moniturus (monitura, moniturum) = about to warn
recturus (rectura, recturum) = about to rule
auditurus (auditura, auditurum) = about to hear
FUTURE PARTICIPLE denotes an action that is about or going to take place
E.G. Arborem casuram spectabam (I watched the tree about to fall (going to fall).
It is often compounded with the verb "sum" to form the active and passive PERIPHRASTIC conjugations.
Active PERIPHRASTIC . E.g. Redituri sunt (they are going to return)(They are liokely to return) ; Discessuri erant (They were on the point (on the verge) of leaving)....
The use of the future passive participle as a predicate adjective with forms of sum is called the passive periphrastic.It denotes necessity (that which ought to be done. The participle agrees with the subject in gender, number, and case.
E.g. Hoc faciendum est . (This is to be done ) (This has to be done) (This must be done) (This ought to be done)Forms of Participles
Forms of Personal Pronouns Mrs. Farnum Main Index
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